生物降解材料中的成分是使用的标准

生物降解塑料是指一类由自然界存在的微生物如细菌、霉菌（真菌）和藻类的做用而引起降解的塑料。理想的生物降解塑料是一种具有优良的使用性能、废弃后可被环境微生物完全降解、终被无机化而成为自然界中碳素循环的一个组成部分的高分子材料。

Biodegradable plastics refer to a type of plastic that is degraded by natural microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and algae. The ideal biodegradable plastic is a polymer material with excellent performance, which can be completely degraded by environmental microorganisms after being discarded, and ultimately becomes an integral part of the carbon cycle in nature through inorganic transformation.

“纸”是一种典型的生物降解材料，而“合成塑料”则是典型的高分子材料。因此，生物降解塑料是兼有“纸”和"合成塑料"这两种材料性质的高分子材料。

"Paper" is a typical biodegradable material, while "synthetic plastic" is a typical polymer material. Therefore, biodegradable plastics are polymer materials that combine the properties of both paper and synthetic plastics.

在自然界各种条件下，终完全降解变成二氧化碳（CO2）或/和甲烷、水（H2O）及其所含元素的矿化无机盐以及新的生物质的一种塑料。

A plastic that completely degrades into carbon dioxide (CO2) or/and methane, water (H2O) and its mineralized inorganic salts, as well as new biomass under various natural conditions.

当生物可降解材料被扔到大自然中，经过一定条件（土壤、沙土、堆肥、厌氧、水性培养液等），自然分解为小块，实质就是高分子断裂的过程，再经过外界条件的摧残，分解为大分子，再分解为小分子，被微生物吸收后，释放二氧化碳和水，同时植物通过光合作用，释放出氧气，整个循环过程，非常环保。

When biodegradable materials are thrown into nature and undergo certain conditions (soil, sand, compost, anaerobic, water-based culture medium, etc.), they naturally decompose into small pieces, which is essentially the process of polymer fracture. After being subjected to external conditions, they decompose into large molecules, which are then broken down into small molecules. After being absorbed by microorganisms, they release carbon dioxide and water. At the same time, plants release oxygen through photosynthesis, and the entire cycle process, Very environmentally friendly.

目前主要分为四大类，PLA类（聚乳酸）、PBS类（聚酯类）、PBAT类（聚酯类）、PHA类（聚羟基烷酸酯）。

At present, it is mainly divided into four categories: PLA (polylactic acid), PBS (polyester), PBAT (polyester), and PHA (polyhydroxyalkanoates).

PLA：是常见的可降解塑料之一，是以乳酸为主要原料聚合得到的聚合物。PLA生产过程无污染，而且产品可以生物降解，使用后的PLA可以通过堆肥，在温度高于55℃或富氧和微生物作用下降解为二氧化碳和水，实现在自然界中的物质循环，不会对环境产生影响。目前聚乳酸的生产主要采用丙交酯开环聚合工艺将乳酸先脱水生成低聚物，然后解聚生成丙交酯，再开环聚合制得聚乳酸。 PLA还具有可靠的生物性、生物可降解性、良好的力学性能和易加工性，广泛用于包装、纺织行业、农用地膜和生物医用高分子等行业。是可降解塑料研究中非常活跃和市场应用好降解材料之一,PLA在生物降解塑料中具有相对较低的成本，PLA的消费量居于前列。

PLA: is one of the common biodegradable plastics, which is a polymer polymerized from lactic acid as the main raw material. The production process of PLA is pollution-free, and the product can be biodegraded. After use, PLA can be decomposed into carbon dioxide and water through composting at temperatures above 55 ℃ or under the action of enriched oxygen and microorganisms, achieving material circulation in nature without affecting the environment. At present, the production of polylactic acid mainly adopts the propylene glycol ring opening polymerization process to dehydrate lactic acid to form oligomers, then depolymerize to form propylene glycol, and then open the ring polymerization to obtain polylactic acid. PLA also has reliable biosafety, biodegradability, good mechanical properties, and ease of processing, and is widely used in industries such as packaging, textile, agricultural films, and biomedical polymers. PLA is one of the most active and widely used biodegradable materials in the research and market of biodegradable plastics. It has a relatively low cost in biodegradable plastics and its consumption is among the top.

PBS：是由于丁二酸和1,4-丁二醇经缩合聚合而成，原料来源为石油或生物资源发酵。 PBS易被自然界的多种微生物或酶终分解为二氧化碳和水，具有良好的生物相容性和生物可吸收性，良好的耐热性能。 PBS可以用包装薄膜、餐具、发泡包材、日用品瓶、药品瓶、农用薄膜、农药及化肥缓释材料等领域。由于丁二酸原料有限，PBS的衍生物PBAT和PBSA顺应而生，其与PBS的性能基本相似，但加工性能不及PBS。

PBS: It is formed by condensation polymerization of succinic acid and 1,4-butanediol, with raw materials sourced from petroleum or biological resource fermentation. PBS is easily decomposed into carbon dioxide and water by various microorganisms or enzymes in nature, and has good biocompatibility and bioabsorbability, as well as good heat resistance. PBS can be used in fields such as packaging films, tableware, foam packaging materials, daily necessities bottles, pharmaceutical bottles, agricultural films, pesticide and fertilizer slow-release materials. Due to the limited availability of succinic acid raw materials in China, PBS derivatives PBAT and PBSA have emerged, which have similar properties to PBS but lower processing performance than PBS.

PBAT：属于热塑性可降解塑料，一般以脂肪族酸、丁二醇为原料，经石化途径或生物发酵途径生产，既有较好的延展性和断裂伸长率，也有较好的耐热性和冲击性能。由于PBAT的成膜性能良好，易于吹膜，广泛用于一次性包装膜及农膜领域。 PBAT 的缺点是降解条件相对苛刻。

PBAT: It belongs to thermoplastic degradable plastics, generally produced from aliphatic acids and butanediol through petrochemical or biological fermentation pathways. It has good ductility and elongation at break, as well as good heat resistance and impact performance. Due to its excellent film-forming performance and ease of blowing, PBAT is widely used in the fields of disposable packaging films and agricultural films. The disadvantage of PBAT is that the degradation conditions are relatively harsh.

PHA：PHAs类可降解塑料有聚羟基脂肪酸酯（PHA）、聚3-羟基丁酸酯（PHB）等类别，PHA的降解方式很特别，使用完后PHA可以在生物体内完全降解成β-羟基丁酸、二氧化碳和水。 PHAs类可降解塑料热变形温度高、具有良好的生物相容性，但加工温度范围窄、热稳定性差、脆性大、生产质量不稳定、可用于一次性用品、医疗器械手术服、包装袋和堆肥袋、医用缝线、修复装置、绷带、骨科针、防黏连膜及支架等领域。

PHA: PHA degradable plastics include categories such as polyhydroxyfatty acid esters (PHA), polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), etc. The degradation method of PHA is very unique, and after use, PHA can be completely degraded into β- Hydroxybutyric acid, carbon dioxide, and water. PHAs biodegradable plastics have high thermal deformation temperature and good biocompatibility, but their processing temperature range is narrow, thermal stability is poor, brittleness is high, and production quality is unstable. They can be used in disposable products, medical equipment surgical gowns, packaging bags and compost bags, medical sutures, repair devices, bandages, orthopedic needles, anti adhesive films and brackets, and other fields.

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